Resources

The primer provides the data, messages, and resources to help understand the planning, policies, and technologies involved in oxygen delivery scale-up. The materials are useful to anyone who wants to learn about scaling up access to oxygen and integrating oxygen delivery across national and subnational policies, programs, and health budgets.This primer was originally published in 2017, with an updated version in 2025.

Oxygen therapy is an essential part of ending preventable deaths among children and adults globally. However, reliable access to oxygen, paired with pulse oximetry, remains inadequate across many health facilities in low- and middle-income countries for many reasons. Limited data, perceptions about costs, poor understanding of the impact on health outcomes, and the complexity of integration and maintenance across the health system all contribute to decreased access.Scaling up access to oxygen is one of the most effective and critical actions decision-makers can take to improve health outcomes and save lives. The Oxygen Delivery Toolkit: Resources to plan and scale medical oxygen provides materials to help decision-makers, implementers, and advocates plan, manage, and communicate the value of scaling up oxygen delivery systems and access to oxygen and pulse oximetry.This guide provides a summary of the toolkit resources, as well as intended users. The toolkit is available at www.path.org/oxygen-delivery-toolkit.Updated in February 2025 to reflect new or revised resources in the toolkit.

Primary health care (PHC) is recognized as the most inclusive, equitable, cost-effective, and efficient approach to enhancing people’s health and well-being, while facilitating universal access to integrated health services, positioning it as the “engine” for driving progress towards 2030 Universal Health Coverage goals.Integration is a key enabler for people-centered PHC, and can be defined and approached in numerous ways dependent on contextual factors and needs. As countries look towards 2030 goals and health system leaders consider whether and how to advance integrated systems and services, additional practical guidance is needed for how to prepare, design, implement, and monitor integration.This primer aims to serve as a practical reference guide for policymakers, health system planners, implementers, advocates, and donors as they consider advancing integrated systems and services to strengthen PHC.Building from a literature review and learnings from PATH’s experience advancing integrated services and systems with government, the private sector, and other key stakeholders, this primer synthesizes practical considerations for approaching integration, including:an orientation and framework for approaching the type (“what”) and degree (“how”) of integration, including context-specific examples of operationalizing integration within the domains of service delivery, organizational and professional networks, and health systems.guiding principles to consider during planning and implementation.a shortlist of tools and resources to assess readiness and adoption of an integrated model.measuring integration, with an emphasis on coverage, quality, and cost.country spotlights featuring applied integration experience in India, Kenya, Senegal, and Vietnam.

When countries consider introducing new vaccines, immunization program cost and affordability are key questions. Data are limited on what vaccinating pregnant populations costs. To help fill this gap, PATH conducted prospective studies in collaboration with ministries of health and other partners to understand cost of delivery and introduction implications for new vaccines given in pregnancy in Bangladesh, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique, and Nepal. The estimates will help inform policy decisions in low- and middle-income countries where maternal immunization-preventable diseases often hit hardest.Find here links to the peer-reviewed journal articles and fact sheets summarizing the research from Kenya, Ghana, and Mozambique. Publication of the Bangladesh and Nepal results is forthcoming. (Materials available in English and, as applicable, in Portuguese.)

Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis reached the World Health Organization’s (WHO) elimination threshold in both Plateau and Nasarawa States in north-central Nigeria in 2017 and 2021, respectively.However, no evidence-informed plan was created to detect or respond to potential recrudescence of the eliminated diseases while waiting for national elimination to occur. To meet this gap, Plateau and Nasarawa States were selected to pilot the development of the WHO integrated post validation/verification surveillance (PVS) planning toolkit for neglected tropical diseases.PATH conducted the pilot, working in collaboration with The Carter Center – Nigeria as a local partner.