The authors of this study, published in the journal Vaccine, analyzed advantages and disadvantages of different ways vaccine manufacturers access new technologies. Among the methods considered were collaborations with academia and research …

From the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, this article discusses evidence-based guidelines for making injections safer. Abstracts are available in Spanish, French, and Arabic.

Optimize—a collaboration between the World Health Organization and PATH—aims to employ technological and scientific advances by defining ideal specifications for health products and creating a flexible and robust vaccine supply chain …

This paper examines the health risks posed by unsafe injections in Africa and outlines some of the programs that are helping reduce these risks.

This article, published in Procedia in Vaccinology, discusses the importance of designing vaccines with traits that will minimize complications for immunization programs and increase the likelihood of successful adoption. The article also summarizes …

This article, published in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, discusses the opportunities and challenges associated with developing vaccines with desirable attributes, including enhanced stability and efficient packaging, that can help to …

This article, published in Vaccine, reports on a study that investigates the tolerability, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the extracellular domain of gD2 using the Nanopatch™, a recently devised silicon …

This excellent, 112-page manual is a training curriculum for health care workers who provide injections. It includes information on the health impact of unsafe injections, selecting safe and effective vaccines, reconsituting vaccines safely, reading …

This two-page document summarizes key elements to assist in the development of a national strategy for ensuring safe and appropriate use of injections.

This document outlines the introduction process for hepatitis B vaccine into national immunization services. It offers a summary of WHO policies and practices regarding hepatitis B immunization, and includes information on immunization …

This report presents results from an economic model that calculates the costs involved in delivering IPV vaccine in Indian immunization clinics according to three strategies: (1) intradermal delivery of reduced volumes of vaccine per …

In this article, published in the Journal of Controlled Release, the authors describe how dry-coated microprojections, a needle-free vaccine delivery device, can deliver vaccine to abundant antigen-presenting cells in the skin and induce efficient …

This article, published in Vaccine, describes a study that estimated the incremental costs of transitioning from needles and syringes to delivering childhood vaccines with disposable-syringe jet injectors (DSJIs) in Brazil, India, and South Africa. …

This fact sheet provides an overview of PATH's work to develop and deliver innovative health solutions for those who need them most. These solutions range from developing and introducing affordable, appropriate technologies to creating conditions …

The purpose of this report is: (1) to summarize the clinical evidence supporting the intradermal route for vaccine administration and the devices being developed for this purpose; (2) to determine whether intradermal delivery broadly holds promise …

This article, published in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, explores the ways by which the delivery of vaccine antigens to the dermis and/or epidermis layers of the skin (i.e., intradermal vaccine delivery) might be more efficient than …

Intranasal delivery devices deliver vaccines or medications directly to the nasal cavity or lungs, where they can be absorbed directly by the appropriate tissues. This fact sheet describes PATH's work on intranasal delivery devices to administer …

Technologies related to the temperature control of vaccines during the distribution process are essential to the cool chain. This report provides a landscape analysis of these technologies and their appropriateness for use with vaccines in …

This landscape analysis identifies trends in the availability of vaccines and novel vaccine delivery technologies that are and will be of relevance to low- and middle-income countries from the present through 2025.

PATH recently developed a mucosal immunization technology platform--viable in two formats--that builds on several proven formulation, adjuvant, and delivery technologies that enable the efficient sublingual administration of subunit vaccines. Part …

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has needle-length recommendations for intramuscular vaccinations in the thigh and shoulder on the basis of the age of the child. Underpenetration of the intramuscular layer with short needles …

The Op.ti.mize e-newsletter is a quarterly publication that highlights advances and innovations in health care logistics, technologies, and policy. Developed by Project Optimize, a collaboration between the World Health Organization and PATH, this …

Optimize, a collaboration between the World Health Organization and PATH, has been given a unique mandate to think far into the future: to put technological and scientific advances to work, helping define the ideal characteristics and …

This eye-opening report documents provider injection practices and attitudes toward medical injections among providers and the general public. In spite of widespread use of disposible syringes and seemingly high awareness of the dangers of …

Part of the "Training Resource Series," this unique training module was specially designed to be easy to adapt for specific national programs. In addition to key technical content it includes quizzes, role plays, and creative ideas for trainers.